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    @zareen said in BT405 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Discuss Biosensors The term “biosensor” is short for “biological sensor.” The device is made up of a transducer and a biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody or a nucleic acid. The bioelement interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. Depending on their particular application, biosensors are also known as immunosensors, optrodes, resonant mirrors, chemical canaries, biochips, glucometers and biocomputers. A commonly cited definition of a biosensor is: “A chemical sensing device in which a biologically derived recognition is coupled to a transducer, to allow the quantitative development of some complex biochemical parameter.” Parts of a biosensor Every biosensor comprises: A biological component that acts as the sensor An electronic component that detects and transmits the signal Biosensor elements A variety of substances may be used as the bioelement in a biosensor. Examples of these include: Nucleic acids Proteins including enzymes and antibodies. Antibody-based biosensors are also called immunosensors. Plant proteins or lectins Complex materials like tissue slices, microorganisms and organelles The signal generated when the sensor interacts with the analyte may be electrical, optical or thermal. It is then converted by means of a suitable transducer into a measurable electrical parameter – usually a current or voltage. Applications Biosensor probes are becoming increasingly sophisticated, mainly owing to a combination of advances in two technological fields: microelectronics and biotechnology. Biosensors are highly valuable devices for measuring a wide spectrum of analytes including organic compounds, gases, ions and bacteria. History of biosensors The first experiment to mark the origin of biosensors was carried out by Leland C. Clark. For his experiment, Clark used platinum (Pt) electrodes to detect oxygen. He placed the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) very close to the surface of platinum by trapping it against the electrodes with a piece of dialysis membrane. The enzyme activity was modified according to the surrounding oxygen concentration. Glucose reacts with glucose oxidase (GOD) to give gluconic acid and produces two electrons and two protons, thereby reducing GOD. The reduced GOD, the electrons, protons and the surrounding oxygen all react to give hydrogen peroxide and oxidized GOD (the original form), therefore making more GOD available for more glucose to react with. The higher the glucose content, the more oxygen is consumed and the lower the glucose content, the more hydrogen peroxide is produced. This means either an increase in hydrogen peroxide or a decrease in oxygen can be measured to give an indication of the glucose concentration. Sources www.cse.unt.edu/.../MohantyIEEEPotentials2006Mar-Apr.pdf http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Dec2004/pdf/Dec2004p33-44.pdf http://www.gwent.org/presentations/biointro.pdf www.crec.ifas.ufl.edu/academics/faculty/reyes/PDF/BiosensorsEAFBE.pdf http://nanohub.org/resources/2261/download/ http://www.ceb.utk.edu/bioprimer.pdf
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    @zareen said in MKT529 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: discuss whether change in dollar rate has an influence on exports or not. How does exchange rate affect imports and exports? The exchange rate has an effect on the trade surplus (or deficit), which in turn affects the exchange rate, and so on. In general, however, a weaker domestic currency stimulates exports and makes imports more expensive. Conversely, a strong domestic currency hampers exports and makes imports cheaper.
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    Total Marks 5 Starting Date Thursday, February 11, 2021 Closing Date Friday, February 12, 2021 Status Closed Question Title Cortex-A OR Cortex-M Question Description A smartwatch is a very useful device developed by several companies these days including Apple, Samsung, Motorola and several others. It has a touch screen interface providing features like GPS tracking, heart rate and sleep monitoring etc. with power efficient batteries. The ARM Cortex processors are used in smartwatches providing several benefits. Suppose we have to choose between ARM Cortex-A or Cortex-M series architecture for our next generation smartwatch. Which one would you select between the two and why? Support your selection of either architecture with solid reasoning considering memory management, cost, performance and chip size. Important Instructions: Please note that no extra time will be given for posting comments on GDB. Use the font style “Times New Roman” with font size “12”. Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical comments will be marked zero. Your comments should not exceed 120 words.
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    Suppose ABC Software Company is assigned a project by Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) police. The software company has experienced testers in its fleet. The task is to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) based application for traffic monitoring in the capital with solid documentation utilizing incomplete requirement documents. With short deadline, the test cases need to be automated using any of the following two options for improving the quality of the end product. Scripted Testing Exploratory Testing Justify your selection of either testing technique in the given scenario with logical arguments
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    zareenZ
    @zareen said in CHE301 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Discus practical applications of HPLC & GC-MS? Gas chromatography (GC) is used widely in applications involving food analysis. Typical applications pertain to the quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of food composition, natural products, food additives, flavor and aroma components, a variety of transformation products, and contaminants, such as pesticides, fumigants, environmental pollutants, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and packaging materials. The aim of this article is to give a brief overview of the many uses of GC in food analysis in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to mention state-of-the-art GC techniques used in the major applications. Past and current trends are assessed, and anticipated future trends in GC for food applications are predicted. Among the several new techniques being developed, the authors believe that, in food analysis applications, fast-GC/mass spectrometry (MS) will have the most impact in the next decade. Three approaches to fast-GC/MS include low-pressure GC/MS, GC/time-of-flight (TOF)-MS and GC/supersonic molecular beam (SMB)-MS, which are briefly discussed, and their features are compared. Reff
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    @zareen said in CHE201 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Discus polarity of compounds on the basis of dipole moment? Dipole Moment || How to find Molecule is Polar or Non Polar … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIoe21aMvJc They can occur between two ions in an ionic bond or between atoms in a covalent bond; dipole moments arise from differences in electronegativity. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment. … The dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of the molecule.
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    Education related statistics coupled with Pakistan’s progress … EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for education … The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in … Due to the problems in education system of Pakistan, the country is … We never share your info. Reff Related Articles … The process of curriculum development is facing serious issues in Pakistan. … Curriculum problems of Pakistan are lack of sequence, economic … in school and colleges cannot be expected to encompass everything; … We need to ensure that their curriculum goes through a process of … Reff
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    Find out the causes and effects of climate change, but most importantly the … Global warming is likely to be the greatest threat of our century. … What are its causes, its consequences and the possible solutions? … It is directly linked to the increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening the greenhouse effect. Reff
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    Before I get into a discussion about how the light meter works, think about the last time … Your camera’s light meter is like measuring the temperature using a meat … or ISO would make the triangle move up or down the line accordingly and result … You will often see wedding photographers using a light meter such as this in … Reff
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